Turkey hunting enjoys a rich tradition in Pa.
With the opening yesterday of the fall turkey season, the prospect of pursuing these big, wary birds adds a new dimension to the many other hunting opportunities available during the month of November. Although the spring turkey season has become as popular as or maybe even more so than the fall campaign, turkey hunting has long been an important rite of autumn here in Pennsylvania. And while we now enjoy a remarkable abundance of wild turkeys virtually everywhere in the state, the future of these birds was not all that bright during the first half of the twentieth century. The restoration of the wild turkey here and throughout the Northeast is one of the greatest success stories in conservation and wildlife management.
Wild turkeys have always been ardently hunted, not for the sporting challenge as we do today, but rather as meat on the table for early settlers and later to be sold in markets. One of the first attempts to regulate turkey hunting occurred in 1839, 56 years before the Pennsylvania Game Commission was established, when Adams and Dauphin counties set a season from Sept. 1 to Jan. 15 for wild turkey, ruffed grouse and bobwhite quail. In 1873, a statewide bag limit for wild turkeys was set at two per day.
Many present-day turkey hunters might be shocked to learn that turkey calls were actually outlawed during the early part of the twentieth century. Although one source I found cites that prohibition happened in 1909 while another said 1917, turkey calls were indeed banned in Pennsylvania until 1937.
By the early 1900s, wild turkeys had diminished to the point that in 1913 turkey hunting was closed statewide for two years. When hunting resumed, a bag limit of one turkey per week and a total of two birds per season was established, and in 1917, the bag limit was reduced to one wild turkey per season. Around this same time, the first attempts to trap and transfer wild turkeys were implemented along with the stocking of turkeys raised on game farms. In spite of those efforts, however, wild turkey populations continued to decline or disappeared completely in many areas of Pennsylvania.
One of the last strongholds for wild turkeys in Pennsylvania was right here in the mountains of south-central region of the state. In the late 1930s, however, turkeys began to expand their range over the next 15 to 20 years, particularly into Clearfield, Elk, Cameron and McKean counties in the north-central region.
A statewide wild turkey season was held in 1954, the first such season in 25 years, but some counties with lower populations were again closed to turkey hunting in 1959. In 1960, the Game Commission modified turkey season to allow four weeks of hunting in those areas with high populations of birds while permitting a two-week season for the rest of the state.
During the 1960s, Pennsylvania began a more modern and scientific approach to wild turkey management through the efforts of biologists such as Gerry Wunz, who was a strong advocate of trapping and transferring wild turkeys rather than stocking pen-raised birds. Wunz realized that pen-raised birds had little or no chance of reverting to the wild, while turkeys captured in the wild and released elsewhere readily adapted to their new surrounding provided suitable habitat was available.
Even though Wunz and other wildlife managers knew raising turkeys on state game farms and releasing them was largely a waste of money and other resources, there was considerable resistance to eliminating that stocking program altogether. As a compromise, the stocking of turkeys was discontinued in areas that had established populations of wild birds.
In the meantime, the biologists diligently continued their successful trap-and-transfer program to restore wild turkeys anywhere there was appropriate habitat.
Pennsylvania held its first spring gobbler season in 1968, a six-day effort during the first week of May that produced a harvest of about 1,600 turkeys. Only hunters who had not harvested a bird the previous fall could participate in the first few spring hunts. Interest in the spring hunt and numbers of wild turkeys continued to grow, and starting in 1972, hunters were permitted to take a bird in the fall and spring seasons.
Personally, Ive always enjoyed the fall turkey season as much or more than the springtime hunt. While hearing a gobbler sound off at dawn on a calm May morning is a special thrill all its own, I also savor relaxing at the base of a big oak tree on a sunny autumn afternoon – waiting, watching and intently listening for the sounds of an approaching flock of turkeys scratching busily in the fallen leaves.
As the birds come closer, excitement turns to anxiety with the realization that a dozen or more pairs of the sharpest eyes in the woods are ready to spot the slightest wrong move on your part, and those turkeys will be gone again in a flash. But that is what makes the wild turkey one of the greatest challenges in hunting.